Quantitative aspects of hormone-receptor interactions of high affinity: Effect of receptor concentration and measurement of dissociation constants of labeled and unlabeled hormones

It is demonstrated that because of limitations in the magnitude of the specific activity of radiolabeled hormone derivatives, direct binding studies of hormone-receptor interactions of high affinity (10^?9–10^?11 M, depending on whether ³H- or ¹²³I-labeled hormones are used) will be subject to artifactual distortions due to the need to utilize high concentrations of the receptor. If the concentration of the receptor is not ten times lower than the true affinity constant, the apparent dissociation constant obtained from direct concentration binding curves will vary as a linear function of the receptor concentration. In addition, at high receptor concentrations saturability becomes difficult to demonstrate experimentally and the binding data yield apparently non-hyperbolic, sigmoidal curves which can be mistakenly interpreted to depict cooperative interactions. Similar artifacts related to receptor concentration are predicted for measurements of the hormone concentration dependence of biological processes (e.g. activation of adenylate cyclase, transport processes, etc.). Methods for detecting these effects, and correctly measuring affinities for labeled and unlabeled hormones under these conditions, are described. The implications for measuring the binding properties of hormone-receptor interactions are discussed, especially in reference to studies of the comparative analysis of receptor function in altered metabolic states and to studies relating the biological and binding properties of hormones.