A new subfamily of Figitidae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea)

Larvae of the parasitic wasp family Figitidae develop as internal parasitoids of other endopterygote insect larvae. The hosts are typically dipteran larvae living in other microhabitats but the earliest figitids probably attacked gall-inhabiting hymenopteran larvae. Here, we formally describe a new genus (Parnips) and subfamily (Parnipinae) for a species that is likely to be a surviving representative of these early gall-associated figitids. The species, P. nigripes , has been reared repeatedly from galls inside the seed capsules of annual poppies (Papaver dubium and P. rhoeas) in the Mediterranean region together with the gall inducer Barbotinia oraniensis belonging to the Cynipidae, the sister group of Figitidae. Parnips nigripes is strikingly cynipid-like and was first assumed to be a cynipid gall inducer of the genus Aulacidea. Phylogenetic analyses have since indicated that the similarity with the Cynipidae is symplesiomorphic and that P. nigripes belongs to the Figitidae, where it forms the sister group of all other extant figitids. Recently, it has also been shown that P. nigripes is a parasitoid of the gall-inducing Barbotinia oraniensis , consistent with its proposed phylogenetic position. Parnips nigripes shares several unusual morphological traits with its host. We speculate that many of these similarities are homologous even though the lineages separated at least 83 million years ago.