Commercial opportunities for pesticides based on plant essential oils in agriculture, industry and consumer products |
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Authors: | Murray B Isman Saber Miresmailli and Cristina Machial |
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Institution: | (1) Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada;(2) Present address: Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;(3) Present address: Contech Inc., 7572 Progress Way, Delta, BC, V4G 1E9, Canada |
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Abstract: | In spite of intensive research on plant natural products and insect-plant chemical interactions over the past three decades,
only two new types of botanical insecticides have been commercialized with any success in the past 15 years, those based on
neem seed extracts (azadirachtin), and those based on plant essential oils. Certain plant essential oils, obtained through
steam distillation and rich in mono- and sesquiterpenes and related phenols, are widely used in the flavouring and fragrance
industries and in aromatherapy. Some aromatic plants have traditionally been used for stored product protection, but the potential
for development of pesticides from plant essential oils for use in a wide range of pest management applications has only recently
been realized. Many plant essential oils and their major terpenoid constituents are neurotoxic to insects and mites and behaviourally
active at sublethal concentrations. Most plant essential oils are complex mixtures. In our laboratory we have demonstrated
that individual constituents of oils rarely account for a major share of the respective oil’s toxicity. Further, our results
suggest synergy among constituents, including among those that appear non-toxic in isolation. Repellent effects may be particularly
useful in applications against public health and domestic pests, but may be useful in specific agricultural applications as
well. In all of these applications, there is a premium on human and animal safety that takes priority over absolute efficacy.
In agriculture, the main market niche for essential oil-based pesticides is in organic food production, at least in developed
countries, where there are fewer competing pest management products. There is also scope for mixing these oils with conventional
insecticides and for enhancing their efficacy with natural synergists. Some examples of field efficacy against agricultural
pests are discussed. |
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