意愿价值评估法应用于农业生态补偿研究进展

农业生态补偿是支持和保护农业发展的重要政策激励手段,有关补偿标准的估算及计量方法研究始终是学术界讨论的热点。意愿价值评估法(CVM)是国际社会进行非市场价值评估最广泛采用的陈述偏好方法。由于在农业生态补偿领域应用时间不长,农业产业的弱质性及农民认知水平的差距,导致国内CVM的实证研究面临许多问题和困惑。阐明CVM方法的内涵与理论基础,全面系统地梳理国内外CVM在农业补偿领域的研究进展。以激励农户采纳农业清洁生产技术补偿意愿问卷调查为例,深入探讨CVM应用于农业生态补偿政策评估中存在的假想特性偏差、研究手段偏差及调查实施偏差等。提出通过合理的技术途径和对策措施规避可能的偏差,包括:明确计量模型适用范围、开展效度与信度检验、选择两种尺度评估及处理调查过程偏差的方法等,为破解CVM应用于国内农业生态补偿政策制定中的问题提供方法和思路借鉴。研究指出存在的不足与局限性,以期未来不断完善和拓展。

Research progress of contingent valuation method for application to agricultural ecological compensation

Agricultural ecological compensation is an important policy incentive method that is used to support and protect agriculture development. Research on the estimation and measurement methods of the compensation standard has continually been a focus within academic circles. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is the preferred method and the most widely adopted method by the international community for non-market valuation. CVM is based on the theory of welfare economics with the characteristics of consumer utility consent, and uses the utility indexes of willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA) to measure environmental items increase or decrease through survey experiments, and to assess the economic value of environmental services. Because CVM has been applied to the field of agricultural ecological compensation for a short time, and because of the weak quality of agriculture and the low level of farmers'' cognition, the domestic real evidence studies of CVM are faced with many confusing issues. This study first clarified the scientific connotation and theoretical basis of CVM, and then fully and systematically examined the CVM research progress and representative cases in the field of agriculture compensation, both at home and abroad. The results showed that domestic research was still at the stage of theoretical explorations and pilot demonstration of policy projects. Therefore, there are large gaps in the economic assessment of regional agricultural development projects, and in providing the decision service for the agricultural environment and subsidy policies. The imaginary characteristic deviation, research technical means deviation, and the survey implementation deviation are discussed. These deviations existed in the application of CVM to evaluate the agricultural ecological compensation policy survey practice. This survey was conducted based on the willingness of farmers to adopt cleaner agricultural production technologies, provided by the researchers. This study then described reasonable technological approaches and countermeasures to avoid possible deviations, including establishing the hypothetical market close to real markets, clearing scope of measurement models, carrying out the validity and reliability inspection of CVM, and choosing two dimension evaluations and handling deviations in the investigation processes. This study analyzed the possible deviations and measures for the application of CVM in the field of agricultural ecological compensation, and the practical application was provided in two ways: (1) theoretical guidance to improve the accuracy and effectiveness for the compensation standard by CVM and (2) methods and ideas to surmount the application obstacles in agriculture ecological compensation policy in China. Therefore, this study has important practical significance and reference value. Finally, the inadequacy and limitations of the research were discussed, including: a lack of scientific analysis for the reasons of the deviation generation, a lack of empirical testing of the deviation processing method, and a lack of universal applicability of the solution. Therefore, in order to provide better services for government decision-making, the future study of CVM should apply improved and expanded research methods and contents.