Patterns of pigment changes in apple fruits during adaptation to high sunlight and sunscald development |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Computing and Industrial Engineering, University of Lleida, C. Jaume II, 69, 25001, Lleida, Spain;2. Postharvest Programme, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Techonology (IRTA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Edifici Fruitcentre, 25003, Lleida, Spain;3. Industrial Leridana del Frío, (ILERFRED, SL), C. Josep Segura Farré, 706, 25191, Lleida, Spain;1. Collge of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China;2. Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China;3. College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya''an 625014, Sichuan, China;1. Department of Computational Mathematics and Bio-statistics, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine Research, Sichuan Provincial People''s Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610101, Sichuan, China;2. Trauma Surgery Center, East Branch, Sichuan Provincial People''s Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610101, Sichuan, China;3. Trauma Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, US;4. Department of Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, US;1. Department of Evaluation and Natural Resources, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, Sadat City University, Egypt;2. Department of Plant Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, D-85350 Freising, Germany;1. Postharvest Programme, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain;2. Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain;3. Institut de Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Reflectance spectra of four apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were studied and chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin and flavonoid content in sunlit and shaded peel was determined. In all cases sunlit peel accumulated high amounts of phenolics (flavonoid glycosides). Adaptation to strong sunlight of an apple cultivar with limited potential for anthocyanin biosynthesis (Antonovka) was accompanied by a decrease in chlorophyll and a significant increase in total carotenoid content. The increase in carotenoids also took place in sunlit sides of the Zhigulevskoye fruits, accumulating high amounts of anthocyanins, but chlorophyll content in sunlit peel was higher than that in shaded peel. Significant increases in carotenoids and anthocyanins were detected during fruit ripening when chlorophyll content fell below 1.5–1.8 nmol cm–2. Chlorophyll in sunlit fruit surfaces of both cultivars was considerably more resistant to photobleaching than in shaded (especially of Zhigulevskoye) sides. Induced by sun irradiation, the photoadaptive responses were cultivar-dependent and expressed at different stages of fruit ripening even after storage in darkness. The development of sunscald symptoms in susceptible apple cultivars (Granny Smith and Renet Simirenko) led to a dramatic loss of chlorophylls and carotenoids, which was similar to that observed during artificial photobleaching. The results suggest that apple fruits exhibit a genetically determined strategy of adaptation of their photoprotective pigments to cope with mediated by reactive oxygen species photodynamic activity of chlorophyll under strong solar irradiation. This includes induction of synthesis and accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and carotenoids that could be expressed, if necessary, at different stages of fruit development |
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