Waterbirds as endozoochorous dispersers of aquatic organisms: a review of experimental evidence |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Limnology, PO Box 1299, 3600 BG Maarssen, The Netherlands;1. Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;2. Natural History Museum of Geneva, CP 6434, CH-1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland;3. Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland;1. Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain;2. Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland;3. Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand;1. Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, Department für Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany;2. Mittlere Letten 11, 88634 Herdwangen-Schönach, Germany;3. Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden;4. Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, Moscow 127276, Russia;5. Courant Research Centre Geobiology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;1. Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A.;2. Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A.;1. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;2. Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;3. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Australian Biological Control Laboratory, c/o CSIRO, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia;4. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Aquatic Ecology and Invasive Species Branch, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA;5. USDA ARS Biological Control of Pests Research, Unit, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;6. Invasion Biology and Biocontrol Laboratory, Wuhan Botanical Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China;7. HanKyong National University, 327 Jungang-ro, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17579, South Korea;1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA;2. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;3. Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA;4. Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China;5. Pringle Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA |
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| Abstract: | It is commonly assumed that waterbirds act as dispersal vectors of aquatic organisms. In this paper we review experimental work focusing on the endozoochorous transport of propagules by waterbirds with the aim to determine what aspects of this mechanism have been investigated. We discuss (i) the main issues addressed in propagule feeding experiments, (ii) aspects of the gut structure that affect the retrieval, retention time and viability of propagules, and (iii) the importance of assessing propagule retention time in the gut. A total of 26 experimental studies exist, which represent a very low number when compared to studies of seed dispersal in terrestrial systems. The diversity of questions dealt with in these articles was low, with the majority focusing exclusively on whether propagules survive gut passage. More comparative studies involving batches of disperser and dispersed species should be carried out, also to establish whether they possess characteristics that favour endozoochorous transport. It is important to assess the effect of intra- and inter-specific variation in the different sections of the waterbird gut on the fate of propagules. Additionally, experimental work dealing with the mechanism of endozoochorous dispersal can be separated into a sequence of events. Each event is characterised by its own probability of occurrence. In most studies, complete data sets relating to every step of the process have not been collected. In order to quantify dispersal probabilities of propagules such data are necessary. |
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