Flavonoids as chemotaxonomic markers for cultivated Amazonian coca |
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| Institution: | 1. USDA ARS Weed Science Laboratory, Bldg. 001 Rm. 329 BARC-W, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;2. USDA ARS Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Bldg 12, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;3. DEA Special Testing Research Laboratory, McLean, Virginia 22102, USA;1. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;2. Songjiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 2001 Rongle Dong Road, Songjiang Area, Shanghai 201613, China;3. Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, 2510 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4539, USA;1. Griffith School of Environment, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia;2. Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia;1. Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy;2. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Purported ‘Amazonian coca,’ Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu Plowman (E. coca var. ipadu) was harvested from cultivated fields in Colombia, South America to determine: (a) its identity; (b) if its leaf flavonoids were complimentary to those present in leaf tissue of E. c. var. ipadu in our collection derived from Colombia; and (c) if complimentary, indicative of kinship to E. coca var. ipadu obtained from Colombia, or a related Erythroxylum taxon. Leaf extracts from Amazonian field-grown coca afforded eight O-conjugated flavonoids: two O-conjugates of taxifolin, one O-conjugate of quercetin, two O-conjugates of eriodictyol and three O-conjugates of kaempferol. Present also in leaf tissue of Amazonian field-grown coca, but lacking in leaf tissue from our collection of E. c. var. ipadu was an O-ethyl ester typically found in E. coca var. coca, kaempferols and a 7-O-rutinoside commonly encountered in the E. novogranatense taxons. Flavonoids found in our collection of E. coca var. ipadu were five O-conjugated derivatives of taxifolin and an O-conjugated quercetin. Leaf flavonoids of currently cultivated Amazonian coca are a mixture of those present in E. coca var. coca, E. coca var. ipadu and E. novogranatense var. truxillense, whereas those present in our authenticated living collection are derivatives of E. coca var. coca. Our data suggest that the Amazonian coca under cultivation in Colombia is a genetic hybrid cross between E. coca var. coca and E. novogranatense var. truxillense, occurring after 1972. |
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