Population structure,diversity, and phylogeography in the near‐threatened Eurasian black vultures Aegypius monachus (Falconiformes; Accipitridae) in Europe: insights from microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA variation |
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| Authors: | NIKOS POULAKAKIS AGLAIA ANTONIOU GEORGIA MANTZIOU ARIS PARMAKELIS THEODORA SKARTSI DIMITRIS VASILAKIS JAVIER ELORRIAGA JAVIER DE LA PUENTE ALEXANDER GAVASHELISHVILI MAMIKON GHASABYAN TODD KATZNER MICHAEL MCGRADY NYAMBAYAR BATBAYAR MARK FULLER TSEVEENMYADAG NATSAGDORJ |
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| Institution: | 1. Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, Knossos Av., Gr‐71409, Irakleio, Crete, Greece;2. Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, 21 Sachem St., New Haven, CT‐06520, USA;3. Department of Genetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Thalassocosmos, Gournes Pediados, GR‐71003 Irakleio, Crete, Greece;4. WWF Greece‐Dadia project, Dadia – Soufli, Gr‐68400, Greece;5. área de Estudio y Seguimiento de Aves, SEO/BirdLife Melquiades Biencinto, 28053, Madrid, Spain;6. Georgian Center for the Conservation of Wildlife (GCCW), P.O. Box 56, Tbilisi 0160, The Republic of Georgia;7. Armenian Society for the Protection of Birds, Aghbyur Serob 11/2, Yerevan 0019, Armenia;8. Natural Research, Ltd, Am Rosenhügel 59, A‐3500, Krems, Austria;9. Wildlife Science and Conservation Center, Bldg. Institute of Biology, Ulaanbaatar 210351, Mongolia;10. USGS, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Snake River Field Station, and Boise State University, Raptor Research Center, 970 Lusk St., Boise, Idaho 83706 USA;11. Ornithological Laboratory, Institute of Biology Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 210351, Mongolia |
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| Abstract: | The Eurasian black vulture (Aegypius monachus) has experienced a severe decline during the last two centuries and is globally classified as near‐threatened. This has led to the extinction of many traditional breeding areas in Europe and resulted in the present patchy distribution (Iberian and Balkan peninsulas) in the Western Palearctic. In the present study, we describe the current genetic status of the European populations using both mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and nuclear microsatellite markers, comparing with those found in Asia (Mongolia and Caucasus region). Although, mitochondrial (mt)DNA revealed a relatively low genetic variability (haplotype diversity), no evidence of genome‐wide genetic erosion exists because nuclear diversity exhibits normal levels and strong differentiation. A highly philopatric dispersal behaviour must be invoked to explain the existence of a clear pattern that revealed by the phylogeographic analysis, which indicates a sharp East–West clinal distribution and an allopatric differentiation. The distribution of mtDNA haplotypes one in the Iberian population and two in Balkan population and the significance divergence at nuclear loci fulfill the definitions of those populations as evolutionary significant units. We discuss how management strategies should aim at the maintenance (or increase) of current genetic variability levels, suggesting that independent conservation plans are urgently required to protect these two breeding European populations from extinction. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 95 , 859–872. |
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| Keywords: | conservation genetics nuclear DNA |
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