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Patterns of genetic variation in isolated Danish populations of the endangered butterfly Euphydryas aurinia
Authors:PETER SIGAARD  CINO PERTOLDI  AKSEL BO MADSEN  BJARNE SØGAARD  VOLKER LOESCHCKE
Institution:1. Department of Ecology and Genetics, Institut of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, Building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;2. Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17‐230 Bialowieza, Poland;3. Department of Wildlife Ecology and Biodiversity, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Kal?, Gren?vej 14, DK‐8410 R?nde, Denmark
Abstract:In the present study, we report an investigation on molecular variation in the endangered univoltine butterfly Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775), a species heavily affected by habitat degradation and fragmentation in Denmark. Levels of genetic variation in extant populations were estimated using six variable number tandem repeat loci and were found to be low compared to other butterfly species with low migration rates. An analysis of genetic structure, based on both allele frequencies and genotype distributions, divided the entire sample into four distinct clusters. This was partially concordant with the a priori subdivision based on collection areas. An overall FST value of 0.16 (pairwise values ranging from 0.087–0.276) indicated restrictions of gene flow. Especially two populations had higher FST values than the others, suggesting their isolation, and showed signs of bottlenecks/founder events. One population deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting a possible Wahlund effect or the presence of null alleles. The results suggest habitat fragmentation, resulting in genetic drift and possibly inbreeding. Future management is therefore recommended to increase gene flow between the remaining populations while habitats are restored in order to increase carrying capacity. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 95 , 677–687.
Keywords:bottleneck  genetic structure  habitat fragmentation  inbreeding
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