Reciprocal altruism in birds: A critical review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24, Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan;2. Stop TB Partnership Japan, Japan;1. Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;1. CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBio, Associate Laboratory, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;2. FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa;3. CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 Mende Road, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France;4. Both authors contributed equally to the paper;1. Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan;2. Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Okanoya Emotional Information Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;1. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia;2. Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia;3. Sandfly, Tasmania, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Many proposed examples of reciprocal altruism are either misidentified or involve questionable assumptions concerning the costs and benefits accruing to the interactors. Waltz's (Am. Nat. 118: 588–592, 1981) definition of reciprocal altruism as an interaction in which “one individual aids another in anticipation that the recipient will return the favor benefiting the actor in the future” is not sufficiently restrictive: there must also be a direct fitness cost to the individual performing the original beneficent act that is less than the fitness benefit received when the act is reciprocated (again at a cost) by the second individual.Several recurring problems in identifying potential examples of reciprocal altruism are discussed, including the assumption that restraint is an act of altruism and the misclassification of “generational mutualisms,” in which individuals helping to raise young are “repaid” one generation later by the offspring they assisted in raising. No definite case of reciprocal altruism is currently known in birds, but examples in which this phenomenon may be involved include helping behavior in a few cooperative breeders and communal feeding in several taxa including gulls, jays, and juncos. |
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