Neurogenesis of cephalic sensory organs of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aplysia californica</Emphasis> |
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Authors: | Tim Wollesen Andreas Wanninger Annette Klussmann-Kolb |
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Institution: | (1) Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, J. W. Goethe University, Siesmayerstrasse 70, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;(2) Present address: Department of Cell Biology and Comparative Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark |
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Abstract: | The opisthobranch gastropod Aplysia californica serves as a model organism in experimental neurobiology because of its simple and well-known nervous system. However, its
nervous periphery has been less intensely studied. We have reconstructed the ontogeny of the cephalic sensory organs (labial
tentacles, rhinophores, and lip) of planktonic, metamorphic, and juvenile developmental stages. FMRFamide and serotonergic
expression patterns have been examined by immunocytochemistry in conjunction with epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning
microscopy. We have also applied scanning electron microscopy to analyze the ciliary distribution of these sensory epithelia.
Labial tentacles and the lip develop during metamorphosis, whereas rhinophores appear significantly later, in stage 10 juveniles.
Our study has revealed immunoreactivity against FMRFamides and serotonin in all major nerves. The common labial nerve develops
first, followed by the labial tentacle base nerve, oral nerve, and rhinophoral nerve. We have also identified previously undescribed
neuronal pathways and other FMRFamide-like-immunoreactive neuronal elements, such as peripheral ganglia and glomerulus-like
structures, and two groups of conspicuous transient FMRFamide-like cell somata. We have further found two distinct populations
of FMRFamide-positive cell somata located both subepidermally and in the inner regions of the cephalic sensory organs in juveniles.
The latter population partly consists of sensory cells, suggesting an involvement of FMRFamide-like peptides in the modulation
of peripheral sensory processes. This study is the first concerning the neurogenesis of cephalic sensory organs in A. californica and may serve as a basis for future studies of neuronal elements in gastropod molluscs.
This work was supported by the German Science Foundation (DFG; Kl 1303/3-1 to A.K.K.), SYNTHESYS (DK-TAF-202 to T.W.), the
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD to T.W.), the Danish Natural Science Research Council (FNU; grants 21-04-0356 and 272-05-0174
to A.W.), and the Carlsberg Foundation (grant 2005-1-249 to A.W.). |
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Keywords: | FMRFamide Immunocytochemistry Metamorphosis Serotonin Tentacle Aplysia californica (Mollusca) |
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