北京香山公园自然景观价值二十年变迁

自然景观是由自然环境、物质和景象构成,具有观赏、游览、休闲、疗养等效用和价值的风景综合体或景物。然而,人们在开发利用自然资源时,并没有将自然景观的价值纳入到费用效益分析中,这种对自然景观价值的忽略和低估导致了各种不可逆转的环境问题。如果赋予自然景观合适的经济价值并探究其价值变化,能为其开发利用提供决策支持。以北京香山公园为例,构建了价值评估的指标体系:即自然景观价值为使用价值与非使用价值之和。并对这两种价值分别运用个体旅行费用法和条件价值法进行评估,得出2012年香山公园的使用价值为19.25亿元,非使用价值为3.46亿元。对香山公园在1992—2012年20年间的自然景观价值变化进行深入的研究发现,其景观价值由1992年的0.175亿元增长到2012年的22.71亿元,增长近130倍,速率为1.13亿元/a,游客量的加倍增长、人们游览支出的提高,以及支付意愿的增长是产生该变化的主要原因。随着环境污染和生态破坏的日益加剧以及人们对健康生活的迫切向往,香山公园自然景观价值仍将持续增长,景区当局应全面认识香山公园所承载的价值,在发展旅游的同时也要积极探索解决现有生态环境问题的新思路。

Analysis of natural landscape value change in recent 20 years of Xiangshan Park in Beijing

Natural landscape is made up of natural environment, substances and scenes, which can provide people many kinds of services and benefits, such as enjoying the scenery and participating recreational activities. However, these benefits were not included in the cost-benefit analysis when people developed natural resources. People''s underestimate and ignorance of natural landscape''s value have led so many irreversible environmental problems. If we can evaluate the value and analyze the value''s change over years, the decisions related with exploitation of natural resources can be scientific supported. This research uses Xiangshan Park as a study case to evaluate the natural landscape value, which is supposed to be the sum of use value and non use value. Choosing individual travel cost method and contingent valuation method to evaluate use value and non use value, respectively. The use value of Xiangshan Park is 1925 million RMB while non use value is 346 million RMB in 2012.This study then deeply analyzes the value change between 1992 and 2012. We discover that the landscape value is 17.5 million RMB in 1992 and 2271 million RMB in 2012, which means the value increases almost 130 times with a growth rate of 113 million RMB per year. When exploring the reasons for these changes, we find out that visitor''s number is double, people are spending more money visiting Xiangshan Park than before, and they are willing to pay more money to protect the environment and reserve the natural resources. As the environment pollutions are happening every day, people are anxious for a healthy life, so we can predict that natural landscape value and demand of Xiangshan Park will continue to rise. The scenic spot authority should get a full understanding of Xiangshan Park''s value, finding practical ways to solve the environmental problems when developing tourism.