东帕米尔高原盘羊分布与栖息地植被覆盖时空变化

2010年8月—2013年10月调查了东帕米尔高原马可·波罗盘羊(Ovis ammon polii)的分布,首次分析了2000—2010年盘羊栖息地植被覆盖时空变化。走访当地野生动物保护部门和牧民确定大概研究区域的基础上,采用经典样线法调查盘羊分布区域和分布特征,利用遥感影像技术估算2000—2010年盘羊分布区域的植被覆盖度变化。结果显示,马可·波罗盘羊主要分布在东帕米尔高原的塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区、布伦口、木吉、吉根、哈拉峻和哈拉布拉克等地海拔在3200—520m米河谷或沟谷,分布区面积为4.70万km2。栖息地植被退化严重,在2000—2010年间适宜盘羊栖息地植被覆盖区面积由10382.63 km2下降到4444.55 km2,平均每年593.81 km2植被面积丧失。结果发现马可·波罗盘羊实体1611只,分布密度为0.99只/km2;据栖息地适宜植被覆盖面积估算,盘羊数量在3000—3500只之间,其中塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区分布密度最大,为2.01只/km2,其他区域分布密度相对较低。全球气候变化、人为干扰、超载过牧、围栏放牧和矿业开采等因素导致马可·波罗盘羊生境遭到严重破坏,建议一方面建立红色生态区和生态补偿机制实施就地保护策略;另一方面启动实施迁地和离体保护措施,拓宽保护策略,提高保护效果。

The distribution of marco polo sheep and their habitat vegetation dynamics in east pamir

We investigated the distribution of Marco Polo Sheep (Ovis ammon polii) in East Pamir over a 3-year period from September 2010 to October 2013, and analyzed the habitat vegetation dynamics from 2000-2010. After defining rough survey regions by consulting the local administrative departments of wildlife conservation and pastoralists, we adopted the classical line-intercept method for on-site investigations of the distribution region and characteristics of Marco Polo Sheep. We also estimated the changes in vegetation coverage in the distribution regions of Marco Polo Sheep from 2000 to 2010 using remote sensor imaging techniques. The results showed that the Marco Polo Sheep are mainly distributed in the river valley or cleugh (3200-5200 m a.s.l.) spanning the Tashkurgan Wildlife Reserve, Bulunkou Township, Muji Township, Jigen Township, Halajun Township, and Hala Braque Township in East Pamir, and that the distribution of Marco Polo Sheep covered 47,000 km². The vegetation coverage in the Marco Polo Sheep habitat was extremely low; in 2010, vegetation covered 9.37% of the distribution of Marco Polo Sheep. Low vegetation coverage was observed for 93.80% of the total vegetation-covered area. The vegetation was seriously degenerated, and the vegetation-covered area decreased during 2000-2010 from 10382.63km² to 4444.55 km², an annual vegetation area reduction of 593.81 km². In this survey, we observed 1,611 Marco Polo Sheep, but their expected number in the region should have been 3000-3500 individuals, based on the estimated area of vegetated habitat. The Marco Polo Sheep were distributed in the Tashkurgan Wildlife Reserve at the highest density of 2.01 per km², and had a lower density in other regions. Owing to global climate change, human disturbance, overgrazing, grazing in cages, and mining, the habitat of Marco Polo Sheep has been seriously destroyed. In this paper, we suggest that a red ecological area and ecological compensation mechanism be developed, and that in-situ conservation strategies are adopted. However, we should begin to implement ex-situ conservation and in vitro protection actions, broaden the conservation strategy, and improve the effectively of protection methods.