The myeloid cytokine network in AIDS pathogenesis

The complex pathogenesis of HIV and SIV infections involves the activation, dysfunction, and increased turnover of numerous immune cell subsets. Myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), are a particularly relevant cell type capable of providing targets for virus infection as well as a source of immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines. Here, we review recent literature about the interplay between HIV/SIV and myeloid cells, including viral infection, type I interferon signaling, and the contribution of myeloid cells to HIV-associated immune activation. Understanding the cytokine and chemokine networks in which monocytes, macrophages, and mDCs participate during HIV infection may yield new insights into the pathogenesis of the disease.