Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions

Populations of waders breeding on lowland wet grassland in England and Wales have declined markedly in recent decades; the loss of once widespread species such as Lapwing Vanellus vanellus , Snipe Gallinago gallinago and Redshank Tringa totanus from many areas is of particular conservation concern. These declines are due to loss of grassland to other land uses, and to significant changes in grassland management. Drainage, reseeding and changes in grazing regimes have all been particularly detrimental to lowland wet grassland in terms of a breeding habitat for waders. Careful management of key sites, many of them managed as nature reserves, has shown that wader declines can be halted or even reversed. Aspects of this management can be applied to larger areas through agri-environment schemes, such as the Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) scheme, Tir Gofal (in Wales) and Countryside Stewardship (in England) but these need be carefully targeted to ensure that the benefits for waders are maximized. In particular, it has been shown that higher tier management options within the ESA scheme (those that enhance the landscape) are more cost-effective than lower tier options (those that maintain the landscape). The extent and suitability of lowland wet grassland will face further pressure in years to come as a result of climate change, the impacts of which need to be assessed and mitigated against.