Smoking particles enhance endothelin A and endothelin B receptor-mediated contractions by enhancing translation in rat bronchi |
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Authors: | Bengt W Granström Cang-Bao Xu Elisabeth Nilsson Petter Vikman Lars Edvinsson |
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Institution: | 1. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universiade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil 2. Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil 3. Centro de Pesquisas Gon?alo Moniz – FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil 4. Centro de Enfermidades Respiratórias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil 5. Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifica Universidade Católica, Porto Alegre, Brazil 6. Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador 7. Department of Epidemiology and Populations health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Abstract: | Background The prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases has increased in industrialised countries, and it is known that rates vary according whether the area is urban or rural and to socio-economic status. Surveys conducted in some urban settings in Latin America found high prevalence rates, only exceeded by the rates observed in industrialised English-speaking countries. It is likely that the marked changes in the environment, life style and living conditions in Latin America are responsible for these observations. The understanding of the epidemiological and immunological changes that underlie the increase in asthma and allergic diseases in Latin America aimed by SCAALA studies in Brazil and Ecuador will be crucial for the identification of novel preventive interventions. Methods/Design The Salvador-SCAALA project described here is a longitudinal study involving children aged 4–11 years living in the city of Salvador, Northeastern Brazil. Data on asthma and allergic diseases (rhinitis and eczema) and potential risk factors will be collected in successive surveys using standardised questionnaire. This will be completed with data on dust collection (to dust mite and endotoxin), skin test to most common allergens, stool examinations to helminth and parasites, blood samples (to infection, total and specific IgE, and immunological makers), formaldehyde, physical inspection to diagnoses of eczema, and anthropometric measures. Data on earlier exposures when these children were 0–3 years old are available from a different project. Discussion It is expected that knowledge generated may help identify public health interventions that may enable countries in LA to enjoy the benefits of a "modern" lifestyle while avoiding – or minimising – increases in morbidity caused by asthma and allergies. |
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