The Microbiological and Clinical Characteristics of Invasive Salmonella in Gallbladders from Cholecystectomy Patients in Kathmandu,Nepal |
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Authors: | Sabina Dongol Corinne N Thompson Simon Clare Tran Vu Thieu Nga Pham Thanh Duy Abhilasha Karkey Amit Arjyal Samir Koirala Nely Shrestha Khatri Pukar Maskey Sanjay Poudel Vijay Kumar Jaiswal Sujan Vaidya Gordon Dougan Jeremy J Farrar Christiane Dolecek Buddha Basnyat Stephen Baker |
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Institution: | 1. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal.; 2. The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.; 3. Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.; 4. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.; 5. Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.; Indian Institute of Science, India, |
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Abstract: | Gallbladder carriage of invasive Salmonella is considered fundamental in sustaining typhoid fever transmission. Bile and tissue was obtained from 1,377 individuals undergoing cholecystectomy in Kathmandu to investigate the prevalence, characteristics and relevance of invasive Salmonella in the gallbladder in an endemic area. Twenty percent of bile samples contained a Gram-negative organism, with Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A isolated from 24 and 22 individuals, respectively. Gallbladders that contained Salmonella were more likely to show evidence of acute inflammation with extensive neutrophil infiltrate than those without Salmonella, corresponding with higher neutrophil and lower lymphocyte counts in the blood of Salmonella positive individuals. Antimicrobial resistance in the invasive Salmonella isolates was limited, indicating that gallbladder colonization is unlikely to be driven by antimicrobial resistance. The overall role of invasive Salmonella carriage in the gallbladder is not understood; here we show that 3.5% of individuals undergoing cholecystectomy in this setting have a high concentration of antimicrobial sensitive, invasive Salmonella in their bile. We predict that such individuals will become increasingly important if current transmission mechanisms are disturbed; prospectively identifying these individuals is, therefore, paramount for rapid local and regional elimination. |
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