我国28种鹅膏菌主要肽类毒素的检测分析*

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对产于我国的28种鹅膏菌的主要肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)进行了检测分析,并和采于欧洲(德国)的毒鹅膏Amanita phalloides作对照,结果表明,3种东亚所特有的鹅膏菌(灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种)和欧洲毒鹅膏所含毒素种类多、含量高,其子实体菌盖部位主要毒素总量分别达到12583.7μg/g、8152.6μg/g、1058.2μg/g、7456.2μg/g干重子实体,这4种鹅膏菌可称之为剧毒鹅膏菌。其它25种鹅膏菌中有10种检测出含有微量鹅膏毒肽,含量在19.5μg/g-151.2μg/g之间。在4种剧毒鹅膏菌中,子实体组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,菌柄的毒素含量次之,菌托中的毒素含量最低;对于灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种,无论在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中,鹅膏毒肽类毒素的含量都高于鬼笔毒肽类毒素,尤其以α-amanitin的相对含量最高;而在欧洲毒鹅膏中,菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鬼笔毒肽为主,尤其以phallacidin的相对含量最高,并且从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽的相对含量依次增加。

DETERMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN AMATOXINS AND PHALLOTOXINS IN 28 SPECIES OF AMANITA FROM CHINA

In the period of 1996-2002, 58 cases of mushroom poisoning occurred in the Provinces of Hunan, Guangdong and Jiangxi, Southern China were investigated and about 137 persons died due to eating poisonous mushrooms. Our studies showed that the lethal mushrooms are mainly Amanitas althought Russula subnigricans was sometimes also involved. In comparison with A. phalloides collected from Germany, the main amatoxins (?amanitin,-amanitin) and phallotoxins (phallacidin, phallisin, phalloin, phalloidin) of 28 taxa of Amanita collected from China were determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that A. fuliginea, A. exitialis, and A. subjunquillea var. alba, endemic to East Asia, and A. phalloides contained many kinds of toxic peptides and displayed a very high amount of toxins. The total toxic peptide contents in the cap of carpophore were 12583.7μg/g, 8152.6μg/g, 1058.2μg/g and 7456.2μg/g dried fruitbodies respectively. These four amanitas may be regarded as lethal amanitas. Other 10 species studied contained trace amatoxins, and the contents were about 19.5μg/g~151.2μg/g dried fruitbodies. The content and distribution of the main amotoxins and phallotoxins in three tissues (cap, stipe and volva) of the four lethal amanitas were evaluated. The results showed that the highest content of total toxins was displayed in the cap. The toxin content in the stipe was lower, whereas the volva had the lowest content of total toxins. The content of amatoxins (?amanitin and ?amanitins especially ?amanitin) in the cap, stipe or volva of A. fuliginea, A. exitialis and A. subjunquillea var. alba was higher than that of phallotoxins (phallacidin, phallisin, phalloidin and phalloin). On the contrary, the content of phallotoxins especially phallacidin in A. phalloides was higher than that of amatoxins in any tissues and the phallotoxins was gradationally higher from cap to stipe and to volva.