Intraspecific variation in limblessness in vertebrates: a unique example of microevolution

Many species of arboreal marine snails in the genus Littoraria are polymorphic for shell colour, with morphs that correspond in both colour and frequency to those predominant in the habitat. Although the combined effects of selection for crypsis and apostasy have been suggested as the most likely reasons for this, they have not been demonstrated directly in the field. We investigated whether two parasitoid flies, Sarcophaga megafilosia and Sarcophaga meiofilosia, select for crypsis in Littoraria filosa . It was possible to compare the proportions that matched and did not match the background between samples of live and dead snails because the shells of individuals killed by these parasitoids, within which the larva and pupa develop, remain attached to the substratum. This comparison was necessary because these snails frequently move among different coloured microhabitats, which will tend to obscure any effect of selection for crypsis if only live individuals are censused. The method appeared reliable since there was no change in background colour and very little loss of shells between larviposition and emergence of flies. S. megafilosia killed a significantly greater than expected proportion of snails that did not match their background. In contrast, there was no evidence of selective attack by S. meiofilosia. These results are discussed in relation to previous work on polymorphisms in Littoraria species. We also suggest that the role of parasitoid insects as selective agents contributing to the maintenance of colour polymorphisms in terrestrial molluscs may have been overlooked.  © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 77, 367?377.