Immunity Genes and Susceptibility to Otitis Media: A Comprehensive Review |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;2. Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;3. Department of Biochemistry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;2. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, USA;1. Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China;2. Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;3. Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China;1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology-HNS, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi’an 710049, China;2. Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;1. Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Starship Hospital, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;2. GfK SE, Nordwestring 101, Nürnberg, Germany;3. Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Epidemiology Unit, ULB-Hopital Universitaire Des Enfants, J.J. Crocq 15, 1020 Brussels (Laken), Belgium;4. School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 208 Hampden Road, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia;1. Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, 1601 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA;2. Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA;3. Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA |
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| Abstract: | Otitis media (OM) is a middle ear infection associated with inflammation and pain. This disease frequently afflicts humans and is the major cause of hearing loss worldwide. OM continues to be one of the most challenging diseases in the medical field due to its diverse host targets and wide range of clinical manifestations. Substantial morbidity associated with OM is further exacerbated by high frequency of recurrent infections leading to chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). Children have greater susceptibility to, and thus, suffer most frequently from OM, which can cause significant deterioration in quality of life. Genetic factors have been demonstrated, in large part by twin and family studies, to be key determinants of OM susceptibility. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on immunity genes and selected variants that have been associated with predisposition to OM. In particular, polymorphisms in innate immunity and cytokine genes have been strongly linked with the risk of developing OM. Future studies employing state-of-the-art technologies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), will aid in the identification of novel genes associated with susceptibility to OM. This, in turn, will open up avenues for identifying high-risk individuals and designing novel therapeutic strategies based on precise targeting of these genes. |
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| Keywords: | Otitis media Genetics Innate immunity Cytokines |
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