Fungal and oomycete parasites of Chironomidae,Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae (Culicomorpha,Diptera) |
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| Institution: | 1. Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, Av. Miguel Stéfano 3687, 04301-902 São Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;3. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom;4. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), calle 2 N 584, La Plata, 1900 Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;2. Somerville College, Oxford OX2 6HD, United Kingdom;1. Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia Rua Terezina, 476. Adrianópolis, CEP: 69057-070 Manaus, AM, Brazil;2. Lab de Citotaxonomia e Insetos Aquáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia—INPA, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil;1. Laboratório de Ecologia Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, PolitecnicoCentro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil;2. Laboratório de Interações e Biologia Reprodutiva, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil;3. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil;1. Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (IPEF), Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Caixa Postal 530, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;2. Graduate Program in Forest Sciences FCA/UNESP, Botucatu, SP CEP 18610-307, Brazil;3. Instituto Florestal de São Paulo, CP 1322, São Paulo, SP CEP 01059-970, Brazil;4. Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/UNESP, Caixa Postal, 31, Ilha Solteira, SP CEP 15385-000, Brazil;5. Plant Genetics Laboratory, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, CEP 70770-970 DF, Brasilia, Brazil;6. Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences Biotechnology and Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN Qd 916, CEP 70790-160 DF, Brasília, Brazil;7. ArborGen Tecnologia Florestal, Rua Dr. Emilio Ribas n.174, CEP13025-140 Campinas, SP, Brazil;1. Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany;2. Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Members of the families Chironomidae (chironomids or non-biting midges), Ceratopogonidae (ceratopogonids or biting midges) and Simuliidae (simulids or blackflies) are ubiquitous dipterans of the infraorder Culicomorpha. They are extremely diversified in ecological strategies. Their larvae play major roles in aquatic food webs as detritivores or predators, whereas their adults can be general predators (Chironomidae), hemolymphagous or hematophagous predators (Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae) or pollinators. Both larval and adult stages are commonly infected by bacteria, viruses, protists, nematodes, true fungi and oomycetes. These phylogenetically diverse assemblages of microorganisms can simultaneously infect multiple species of chironomids, ceratopogonids and simulids, and each host may become trophically interrelated with other hosts by sharing their parasites. Here, we review the information on fungal and oomycete parasites of these dipteran groups with special reference to the natural regulation of host populations, the impact of parasitism in food webs, and the potential of these parasites as biocontrol agents. |
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| Keywords: | Biting midges Blackflies Ecology Non-biting midges Parasitism |
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