Characterization and utilization of microsatellites in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea canephora</Emphasis> genome to assess genetic association between wild species in Kenya and cultivated coffee

Coffee is an important beverage crop in the world and has a significant contribution to Kenya’s economy. Here, we analyzed the genome-wide distribution of microsatellites in the Coffea canephora genome. A total of 159,041 SSRs were identified, with an overall density of 308 SSRs per Mb. Tetra-nucleotide repeats are the most abundant, accounting for 32 % of the total SSRs. AT-rich motifs are dominant across all SSR repeat units, while GC-rich motifs were generally rare. A set of 100 SSRs was selected to amplify 96 coffee accessions, including 10 wild accessions collected from Mt. Marsabit (Kenya). Of these SSRs, 33 % generated clear polymorphic bands among all tested accessions, with an average of 3.9 alleles per SSR locus. Wild coffee species from Mt. Marsabit showed a close genetic similarity with cultivated accessions in Kenya, suggesting that the wild species in Mt. Marsabit played an important role in the domestication of cultivated coffee in Kenya. Significantly low pairwise genetic divergence was observed between cultivated and wild accessions in Kenya, suggesting a relatively narrow level of genetic basis among coffee germplasm in Kenya. In addition, cultivated and wild coffee accessions in Kenya show a great divergence from those in other countries. Our results not only provide molecular tools for genetic studies in coffee but are also helpful for conservation and coffee breeding programs in Kenya.