Characterization of two quaternary ammonium chloride-resistant bacteria isolated from papermaking processing water and the biocidal effect on their biofilm formation |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC;2. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan, ROC;3. Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC;1. Division of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan;2. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan;3. Division of Clinical Genetics, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan;1. Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea;2. Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong;3. Program in Environmental Technology and Policy & Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea;4. Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea;1. CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;2. Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada;3. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China |
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| Abstract: | Biofilm formation and growth on equipment surfaces is detrimental to papermaking processes. However, a fundamental understanding leading to an optimal control strategy is yet to be found. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are being increasingly applied in the papermaking processes. Among them, the most frequently applied, N-alkyl-benzyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride, was employed in this study. To foster fundamental understanding of QAC efficacy towards biofilm control, two of the highest QAC-resistant strains of bacteria were isolated from the papermaking processing water and employed as model organisms. By the 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique, two Gram-negative rods with QAC resistance were identified as Morganella morganii (HB22) and the biofilm-forming Pseudomonas putida (HB45). The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values were 8 mg L−1 for HB22 and 16 mg L−1 for HB45, respectively, against QAC in basal medium (BM). However, both strains could grow under more than 150 mg L−1 QAC in basal medium at neutral pH. As observed by crystal violet assay and fluorescent confocal microscopy, HB45 formed biofilm more slowly on stainless steel coupon which is the prime material of papermachine than on the surface of polystyrene, the most common material for food packaging and semi-finished/finished products. HB45 formed biofilm more slowly on stainless steel coupons than on polystyrene Petri dish surfaces, as observed by crystal violet assay and fluorescent confocal microscopy. For HB45, there was a marginal increase of inhibition of biofilm formation by increasing QAC concentration from 50 to 75 mg L−1. By comparison of inhibition concentration in liquid state and in biofilm formation, the results implicate that the current practice in papermaking processes of adding biocide to qualitatively control planktonic bacterial communities does not ensure control of biofilm formation. |
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