Possible involvement of galectin-3 in microglial activation in the hippocampus with trimethyltin treatment |
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Authors: | Miyoung Yang Juhwan Kim Taehyub Kim Sung-Ho Kim Jong-Choon Kim Jeongtae Kim Chitoshi Takayama Akinobu Hayashi Hong-Gu Joo Taekyun Shin Changjong Moon |
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Affiliation: | 1. College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea;2. Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan;3. College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea |
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Abstract: | Trimethyltin (TMT) is an organotin neurotoxicant with effects that are selectively localized to the limbic system (especially the hippocampus), which produces memory deficits and temporal lobe seizures. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a beta-galactoside-binding lectin that is important in cell proliferation and regulation of apoptosis. The present study evaluated the temporal expression of Gal-3 in the hippocampus of adult BALB/c mice after TMT treatment (i.p., 2.5 mg/kg). Western blotting analyses showed that Gal-3 immunoreactivity began to increase 2 days after treatment; the immunoreactivity peaked significantly within 4 days after treatment but significantly declined between days 4 and 8. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that Gal-3 expression was very rare in the hippocampi of vehicle-treated controls. However, Gal-3 immunoreactivity appeared between 2 and 8 days after TMT treatment and was primarily localized to the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), in which neuronal degeneration occurred. The immunoreactivity was detected predominantly in most of the Iba1-positive microglia and in some GFAP-positive astrocytes of the hippocampal DG. Furthermore, Gal-3 expression co-localized with the pro-inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the hippocampal DG. Therefore, we suggest that Gal-3 is involved in the inflammatory process of neurodegenerative disorder induced by organotin intoxication. |
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Keywords: | Trimethyltin Hippocampus Galectin-3 Microglia Inflammatory response |
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