Mechanism of template-independent nucleotide incorporation catalyzed by a template-dependent DNA polymerase |
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Authors: | Fiala Kevin A Brown Jessica A Ling Hong Kshetry Ajay K Zhang Jun Taylor John-Stephen Yang Wei Suo Zucai |
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Affiliation: | Department of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. |
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Abstract: | Numerous template-dependent DNA polymerases are capable of catalyzing template-independent nucleotide additions onto blunt-end DNA. Such non-canonical activity has been hypothesized to increase the genomic hypermutability of retroviruses including human immunodeficiency viruses. Here, we employed pre-steady state kinetics and X-ray crystallography to establish a mechanism for blunt-end additions catalyzed by Sulfolobus solfataricus Dpo4. Our kinetic studies indicated that the first blunt-end dATP incorporation was 80-fold more efficient than the second, and among natural deoxynucleotides, dATP was the preferred substrate due to its stronger intrahelical base-stacking ability. Such base-stacking contributions are supported by the 41-fold higher ground-state binding affinity of a nucleotide analog, pyrene nucleoside 5'-triphosphate, which lacks hydrogen bonding ability but possesses four conjugated aromatic rings. A 2.05 A resolution structure of Dpo4*(blunt-end DNA)*ddATP revealed that the base and sugar of the incoming ddATP, respectively, stack against the 5'-base of the opposite strand and the 3'-base of the elongating strand. This unprecedented base-stacking pattern can be applied to subsequent blunt-end additions only if all incorporated dAMPs are extrahelical, leading to predominantly single non-templated dATP incorporation. |
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Keywords: | dNTP, deoxynucleotide BPDE, benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide Dpo4, Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA polymerase IV HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type-1 dPTP, pyrene nucleoside 5′-triphosphate |
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