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Drinking water quality and risk implications for community health: A case study of shallow water wells and boreholes in three major communities in Northern Cross-River,Southern Nigeria
Authors:Micheal O Odey  Andem B Andem  Ivon Ettah  Azubuike V Chukwuka
Institution:1. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria;2. Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria;3. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria;4. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcements Agency (NESREA), Field Office Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
Abstract:The quality of water sources and its potential health implications to adults and children populations of respective major communities in Northern Cross-River was assessed. Water samples (n = 10/water source/site) were collected from three (Okpoma, Okuku and Ugaga) communities and heavy metal concentrations (Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), and Zinc (Zn)) were evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Overall, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Co were higher than drinking water guidelines, while only Cr, Mn, Cu, and Zn were within the permissible limits. The estimated average daily intake (EADI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were used to determine risk implications for adult and children consumer populations. The EADI for Pb in adults for borehole water, Pb and Cr by child consumer population for borehole and shallow well water exceeded the reference dose (RfD) by USEPA. The THQ for adult population were >1 for Pb in borehole water and >1 for Pb and Cr across all sites for the child consumer population. Overall, our findings indicate toxicity and higher hazard risk for both adult (Pb) and children (Pb and Cr) populations that source drinking water from borehole and shallow well water in these communities.
Keywords:heavy metals  well and borehole  water quality  target hazard quotient  estimated daily intake
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