| Abstract: | Bacillus subtilis is intensively studied as a model organism for the development of bacterial biofilms or pellicles. A key component is currently undefined exopolysaccharides produced from proteins encoded by genes within the eps locus. Within this locus are four genes, epsHIJK, known to be essential for pellicle formation. We show they encode proteins synthesizing the broadly expressed microbial carbohydrate poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG). PNAG was present in both pellicle and planktonic wild-type B. subtilis cells and in strains with deletions in the epsA–G and -L–O genes but not in strains deleted for epsH–K. Cloning of the B. subtilis epsH–K genes into Escherichia coli with in-frame deletions in the PNAG biosynthetic genes pgaA–D, respectively, restored PNAG production in E. coli. Cloning the entire B. subtilis epsHIJK locus into pga-deleted E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or alginate-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa restored or conferred PNAG production. Bioinformatic and structural predictions of the EpsHIJK proteins suggest EpsH and EpsJ are glycosyltransferases (GT) with a GT-A fold; EpsI is a GT with a GT-B fold, and EpsK is an α-helical membrane transporter. B. subtilis, E. coli, and pga-deleted E. coli carrying the epsHIJK genes on a plasmid were all susceptible to opsonic killing by antibodies to PNAG. The immunochemical and genetic data identify the genes and proteins used by B. subtilis to produce PNAG as a significant carbohydrate factor essential for pellicle formation. |
