High-resolution two-dimensional 1H and 14N hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy of the primary quinone of photosystem II

Quinones are naturally occurring isoprenoids that are widely exploited by photosynthetic reaction centers. Protein interactions modify the properties of quinones such that similar quinone species can perform diverse functions in reaction centers. Both type I and type II (oxygenic and nonoxygenic, respectively) reaction centers contain quinone cofactors that serve very different functions as the redox potential of similar quinones can operate at up to 800 mV lower reduction potential when present in type I reaction centers. However, the factors that determine quinone function in energy transduction remain unclear. It is thought that the location of the quinone cofactor, the geometry of its binding site, and the "smart" matrix effects from the surrounding protein environment greatly influence the functional properties of quinones. Photosystem II offers a unique system for the investigation of the factors that influence quinone function in energy transduction. It contains identical plastoquinones in the primary and secondary quinone acceptor sites, Q(A) and Q(B), which exhibit very different functional properties. This study is focused on elucidating the tuning and control of the primary semiquinone state, Q(A)(-), of photosystem II. We utilize high-resolution two-dimensional hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy to directly probe the strength and orientation of the hydrogen bonds of the Q(A)(-) state with the surrounding protein environment of photosystem II. We observe two asymmetric hydrogen bonding interactions of reduced Q(A)(-) in which the strength of each hydrogen bond is affected by the relative nonplanarity of the bond. This study confirms the importance of hydrogen bonds in the redox tuning of the primary semiquinone state of photosystem II.