Microbial xanthophylls |
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Authors: | Prakash Bhosale Paul S Bernstein |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 75 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA |
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Abstract: | Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids abundant in the human food supply. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and cryptoxanthin are major
xanthophyll carotenoids in human plasma. The consumption of these xanthophylls is directly associated with reduction in the
risk of cancers, cardiovascular disease, age-related macular degeneration, and cataract formation. Canthaxanthin and astaxanthin
also have considerable importance in aquaculture for salmonid and crustacean pigmentation, and are of commercial interest
for the pharmaceutical and food industries. Chemical synthesis is a major source for the heavy demand of xanthophylls in the
consumer market; however, microbial producers also have potential as commercial sources. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis,
commercial utility, and major microbial sources of xanthophylls. We also present a critical review of current research and
technologies involved in promoting microbes as potential commercial sources for mass production. |
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