Influence of environmental factors on the wood structure of living and fossil trees

The mechanism of wood development records in varying degree the effects of both external and internal factors that are operating at the time of development. As a result, fossil woods spanning the last 370 million years represent a unique palaeo-environmental data-store. Data concerning external factors that can be reclaimed consist of: presence or absence of growth rings; ring widths; relative proportions of earlywood and latewood and the nature of the transition between them; “false” and “frost” rings and evidence of damage by animals or fire; occurrence of reaction wood. These effects have to be seen against a background of the influences of the internal factors. The development of wood involves the action of plant growth regulators. The production of an entire season’s growth of wood depends on a supply of photosynthate, partly stored from the previous year, and the remainder directly from photosynthesis during the current one. In any population of trees of the same species there will be genetic variation which will lead to differences in the wood formed by the individual trees even if they have all grown in a largely similar environment. However the external factors exert a much greater influence than the internal ones. Our earliest fossil woods (Upper Devonian) show either seasonless growth patterns or, if weak rings are perceptible, then the increments are extensive. This is consistent with the palaeo-equatorial position of all recorded Devonian woods. In the Carboniferous a few sites (marginal in the tropical belt?) show subdued (weak) growth rings. By the time of the Gondwana glaciation strong rings are shown in high southern latitudes, but most surprisingly there are sizeable increments well inside the palaeoantarctic circle. This phenomenon persists into the Mesozoic where lack of growth rings shows consistency with positions within the palaeo-equatorial latitudes. However occurrence of Cretaceous high latitude wood growth demonstrates that given an adequate ambient temperature, forest growth was possible close to both poles. It is shown that this is consistent with the total energy flux known to occur now in high latitudes.