| Abstract: | Visual monitoring and scratching were used as behavioral indicators of maternal and social anxiety in small captive groups of rhesus macaques. Young infants were especially at risk from other group members during the first weeks of locomotion away from their mothers. Mothers received aggression from other individuals irrespective of their infants' presence or absence. The rate at which mothers scratched themselves increased significantly when their infants moved away from them and when the infants approached or were approached by individuals who frequently harassed them. The rate of maternal scratching and the rate of glancing at the infant and at other individuals when the infant was away decreased as infants grew older and became less vulnerable to harassment. In contrast, the rate of maternal scratching and visual monitoring of other individuals when the infant was in contact remained stable across the first 12 wk of lactation. The rate of maternal scratching increased when the mother-infant pair was in spatial proximity to the adult male or higher ranking adult females. Although visual monitoring and scratching showed a similar sensitivity to social variables, it is speculated that they might reflect different components of anxiety, namely, anticipation of danger and uncertainty due to motivational conflict. The results of this investigation indicate that a macaque mother's emotional reactivity to a perceived danger for herself and her infant can be measured quite accurately using the rates of visual monitoring and scratching and that the latter represent reliable tools to investigate the emotional correlates of maternal behavior in nonhuman primates. |
