Photoprotective potential of lycopene, β-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and carnosic acid in UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts |
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Authors: | Elizabeth A. Offord, Jean-Charles Gautier, Ornella Avanti, Corinne Scaletta, Frank Runge, Klaus Kr mer,Lee Ann Applegate |
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Affiliation: | * Nestlé Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Lausanne, Switzerland † University Hospital of the Canton of Vaud, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lausanne, Switzerland ‡ BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Strategic Marketing Fine Chemicals, Ludwigshafen, Germany |
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Abstract: | The photoprotective potential of the dietary antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, lycopene, β-carotene, and the rosemary polyphenol, carnosic acid, was tested in human dermal fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet-A (UVA) light. The carotenoids were prepared in special nanoparticle formulations together with vitamin C and/or vitamin E. Nanoparticle formulations, in contrast to dimethylsulphoxide, stablized lycopene in the cell culture medium and allowed efficient cellular uptake. The presence of vitamin E in the formulation further increased the stability and cellular uptake of lycopene. UVA irradiation of the human skin fibroblasts led to a 10–15-fold rise in metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) mRNA. This rise was suppressed in the presence of low μM concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin C, or carnosic acid but not with β-carotene or lycopene. Indeed, in the presence of 0.5–1.0 μM β-carotene or lycopene, the UVA-induced MMP-1 mRNA was further increased by 1.5–2-fold. This increase was totally suppressed when vitamin E was included in the nanoparticle formulation. Heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNA expression was strongly induced by UVA irradiation but none of the antioxidants inhibited this effect at the concentrations used in this study. Indeed, β-carotene or lycopene (0.5–1.0 μM) led to a further 1.5-fold rise in the UVA-induced HO-1 mRNA levels. In conclusion, vitamin C, vitamin E, and carnosic acid showed photoprotective potential. Lycopene and β-carotene did not protect on their own but in the presence of vitamin E, their stability in culture was improved and the rise in MMP-1 mRNA expression was suppressed, suggesting a requirement for antioxidant protection of the carotenoids against formation of oxidative derivatives that can influence the cellular and molecular responses. |
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Keywords: | Oxidative stress UVA Heme oxygenase Metalloproteinase I Skin Lycopene β-carotene Vitamin C Vitamin E Rosemary Carnosic acid Free radicals |
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