Mercury chloride decreases the water permeability of aquaporin-4-reconstituted proteoliposomes

Background information. Mercurials inhibit AQPs (aquaporins), and site‐directed mutagenesis has identified Cys¹⁸⁹ as a site of the mercurial inhibition of AQP1. On the other hand, AQP4 has been considered to be a mercury‐insensitive water channel because it does not have the reactive cysteine residue corresponding to Cys¹⁸⁹ of AQP1. Indeed, the osmotic water permeability (P_f) of AQP4 expressed in various types of cells, including Xenopus oocytes, is not inhibited by HgCl₂. To examine the direct effects of mercurials on AQP4 in a proteoliposome reconstitution system, His‐tagged rAPR4 (rat AQP4) M23 was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, purified with an Ni²⁺‐nitrilotriacetate affinity column, and reconstituted into liposomes with the dilution method. Results. The water permeability of AQP4 proteoliposomes with or without HgCl₂ was measured with a stopped‐flow apparatus. Surprisingly, the P_f of AQP4 proteoliposomes was significantly decreased by 5 μM HgCl₂ within 30 s, and this effect was completely reversed by 2‐mercaptoethanol. The dose‐ and time‐dependent inhibitory effects of Hg²⁺ suggest that the sensitivity to mercury of AQP4 is different from that of AQP1. Site‐directed mutagenesis of six cysteine residues of AQP4 demonstrated that Cys¹⁷⁸, which is located at loop D facing the intracellular side, is a target responding to Hg²⁺. We confirmed that AQP4 is reconstituted into liposome in a bidirectional orientation. Conclusions. Our results suggest that mercury inhibits the P_f of AQP4 by mechanisms different from those for AQP1 and that AQP4 may be gated by modification of a cysteine residue in cytoplasmic loop D.