Dioecy,hermaphrodites and pathogen load in plants

Sex‐specific investment in pathogen resistance and immunity has been widely reported in animals and to a much lesser degree in plants. Here, we investigated the incidence of fungal pathogens in dioecious versus hermaphroditic plant species. We found that direct studies on differences between males and females in disease resistance or pathogen incidence were rare or non‐existent in plants, but if we made the prediction that if such differences exist (e.g. if males are less resistant than females), dioecious species should have a higher variation in pathogen diversity than hermaphrodites. Comparative studies on paired dioecious and hermaphrodite species from multiple plant families showed that hermaphrodites had a higher average pathogen load than dioecious species, consistent with the idea that higher outcrossing is beneficial to resistance to a greater diversity of pathogens. There was however no support for dioecious species also having a greater variance in pathogen diversity. Our results are consistent with dioecy providing a benefit in terms of pathogen resistance, but the data were insufficient to resolve if the male and female plants showed sex‐specific investment in resistance.