Induced defenses of Veronica spicata: Variability in herbivore-induced volatile organic compounds |
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| Authors: | Delia M Pinto-Zevallos Heidi Hellén Hannele Hakola Saskya van Nouhuys Jarmo K Holopainen |
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| Institution: | 1. Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Bioscience, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland;2. Laboratory of Semiochemicals, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19081, CEP 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil;3. Air Quality Laboratories, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland;4. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;5. Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland |
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| Abstract: | Plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have many eco-physiological functions. Induction of plant VOCs is known to occur upon herbivory. Herbivore-induced VOCs are involved in the attraction of predators and parasitoids, a phenomenon known as an indirect defense of plants. We measured the VOC profiles of the wild species Veronica spicata with and without larval feeding and oviposition by the specialist butterfly Melitaea cinxia. V. spicata showed great plasticity when deploying indirect defences. The induction of several ubiquitous terpenoids and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) was associated with larval feeding, whereas the increase of two ketones, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and t-geranylacetone and the suppression of GLVs were associated with oviposition by the butterfly. |
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| Keywords: | Herbivore-induced VOCs Indirect defence |
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