Catecholamines and related o-diphenols in cockroach hemolymph and cuticle during sclerotization and melanization: comparative studies on the order Dictyoptera

Summary Catecholamines and related o-diphenols extracted from the cuticle and hemolymph of adult cockroaches during sclerotization and pigmentation of the cuticle were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. At ecdysis, dopamine (DA) oconjugates predominated in the hemolymph of Periplaneta americana, P. australasiae, P. fuliginosa, P. brunnea, and Blatta orientalis (Blattidae); Blattella germanica (Blattellidae); and Gromphadorhina portentosa and Blaberus craniifer (Blaberidae). n-Acetyldopamine (NADA) conjugates were second in abundance in these species, but were major in the hemolymph of the other blaberoid species, Leucophaea maderae and Nauphoeta cinerea. After ecdysis NADA became the major hemolymph catecholamine in all species as DA decreased rapidly. n--Alanyldopamine (NBAD) concentrations in the hemolymph remained low in all species, although NBAD and its metabolite, n--alanylnorepinephrine (NBANE), were generally the major catecholamines in tanning cuticle. Catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) occurred mainly as a conjugate(s) at high levels in the hemolymph of nymphs and adults of all blattid species. Only trace amounts were detected in B. germanica and Cryptocercus punctulatus (Cryptocercidae), and none was found in any of the blaberoid species. High concentrations of NBANE and NBAD accumulated in tanning cuticle of B. germanica, G. portentosa, and all blattid species, whereas NADA and DA predominated in cuticle from the other blaberoid species, particularly L. maderae and N. cinerea. However, cockroaches as a group appear to utilize both the n-acetyl and n--alanyl catecholamines for stabilization of the exoskeleton. The Blattidae differed most from the other families in having considerably higher concentrations of catecholamines in hemolymph and cuticle, as well as the large amounts of catechol conjugates in the hemolymph.Abbreviations AMD -methlydopa - DA dopamine - DOBA 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid - DOPA 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine - DOPAC 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid - DOPET 3,4-dibydroxyphenylethanol - DOPKET 3,4-dihydroxyphenylketoethanol - HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - NADA n-acetyldopamine - NANE n-acetylnorepinephrine - NBAD n--alanyldopamine - NBANE n--alanylnorepinephrine - NE notepinephrine Contribution No. 90-88-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. Cooperative investigation between the KAES and the ARS, USDA. K.J. Kramer is a research chemist and Adjunct Professor at the U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory and Kansas State University, respectively. Address reprint requests to T.L. Hopkins