Phylogenetic Distribution and Identification of Fin-winged Fruits |
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Authors: | Steven R Manchester Elizabeth L O’Leary |
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Institution: | (1) Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA |
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Abstract: | Fin-winged fruits have two or more wings aligned with the longitudinal axis like the feathers of an arrow, as exemplified
by Combretum, Halesia, and Ptelea. Such fruits vary in dispersal mode from those in which the fruit itself is the ultimate disseminule, to schizocarps dispersing
two or more mericarps, to capsules releasing multiple seeds. At least 45 families and more than 140 genera are known to possess
fin-winged fruits. We present an inventory of these taxa and describe their morphological characters as an aid for the identification
and phylogenetic assessment of fossil and extant genera. Such fruits are most prevalent among Eudicots, but occur occasionally
in Magnoliids (Hernandiaceae: Illigera) and Monocots (Burmannia, Dioscorea, Herreria). Although convergent in general form, fin-winged fruits of different genera can be distinguished by details of the wing
number, texture, shape and venation, along with characters of persistent floral parts and dehiscence mode. Families having
genera with fin-winged fruits and epigynous perianth include Aizoaceae, Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Burmanniaceae,
Combretaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Haloragaceae, Lecythidiaceae, Lophopyxidaceae, Loranthaceae, and Styracaceae.
Families with genera having fin-winged fruits and hypogynous perianth include Achariaceae, Brassicaceae, Burseraceae, Celastraceae,
Cunoniaceae, Cyrillaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Melianthaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Pedaliaceae, Polygalaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Polygonaceae,
Rhamnaceae, Salicaceae sl, Sapindaceae, Simaroubaceae, Trigoniaceae, and Zygophyllaceae. This survey has facilitated the identification
of fossil winged fruits such as Combretaceae and Araliaceae in the late Cretaceous of western North America and provides additional
evidence toward the identification of various Cenozoic fossils including Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Rutaceae, and
Sapindaceae. |
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