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A phylogenomic tree inferred with an inexpensive PCR-generated probe kit resolves higher-level relationships among Neptis butterflies (Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae) |
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| Authors: | Lijun Ma Yuan Zhang David J Lohman Niklas Wahlberg Fangzhou Ma Soren Nylin Niklas Janz Masaya Yago Kwaku Aduse-Poku Djunijanti Peggie Min Wang Peng Zhang Houshuai Wang |
| Institution: | 1. Biology Department, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, U.S.A.;2. Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden;3. State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecology and Environment of Wuyi Mountains, Nanping, China
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing, China Key Laboratory on Biosafety of National Environmental Protection, Nanjing, China;4. Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;5. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;6. Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia;7. Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China;8. State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Ecology and Evolution School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China |
| Abstract: | Recent advances in obtaining reduced representation libraries for next-generation sequencing permit phylogenomic analysis of species-rich, recently diverged taxa. In this study, we performed sequence capture with homemade PCR-generated probes to study diversification among closely related species in a large insect genus to examine the utility of this method. We reconstructed the phylogeny of Neptis Fabricius, a large and poorly studied nymphalid butterfly genus distributed throughout the Old World. We inferred relationships among 108 Neptis samples using 89 loci totaling up to 84 519 bp per specimen. Our taxon sample focused on Palearctic, Oriental and Australasian species, but included 8 African species and outgroups from 5 related genera. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses yielded identical trees with full support for almost all nodes. We confirmed that Neptis is not monophyletic because Lasippa heliodore (Fabricius) and Phaedyma amphion (Linnaeus) are nested within the genus, and we redefine species groups for Neptis found outside of Africa. The statistical support of our results demonstrates that the probe set we employed is useful for inferring phylogenetic relationships among Neptis species and likely has great value for intrageneric phylogenetic reconstruction of Lepidoptera. Based on our results, we revise the following two taxa: Neptis heliodore comb. rev. and Neptis amphion comb. rev. |
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