The role of individual differences in the formation of triadic dominance orders of male green swordtail fish (Xiphophorus helleri) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centro Interdisciplinario para la Investigación Acuícola (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Chile;2. Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Casilla 160-C, código postal: 4070043, Concepción, Chile;3. Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile;4. Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Simpson 471, Coyhaique, Chile;5. Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 1313, Concepción 3, Chile;6. Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile;7. Centro FONDAP-IDEAL de Investigación en Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile;1. Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Behavioral Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Seewiesen, Germany;2. Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Research Group, Seewiesen, Germany;3. Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Biology II, Behavioral Ecology, Munich, Germany;1. Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Seewiesen, Germany;2. Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Research Group, Seewiesen, Germany;3. Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Biology II, Behavioural Ecology, Munich, Germany;1. Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;2. Research Group Evolutionary Ecology of Variation, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany;1. Institute of Avian Research “Vogelwarte Helgoland”, Wilhelmshaven, Germany;2. National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim, Germany;3. Genetics, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;4. Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany;5. Behavioural Ecology Group, LMU Munich/Department of Biology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;6. IDEEV UMR Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, IRD, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France;7. Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria;8. Laboratory of Sciences and Living Techniques, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Annaba Road 41000, Souk Ahras, Algeria;9. Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Germany;10. Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Triads of Xiphophorus helleri males composed of a large prior winner (A), a small prior winner (α), and a small prior loser (ω) were formed. In one condition, A was used as bystander while in another condition it was the small ω. The bystander could see through a transparent partition and observe conflict settlement between the two other fish without interacting with them. As soon as a dominance relationship clearly emerged, the partition was raised and the fish on standby could establish dominance relationships with them. The most frequent triadic structures obtained were A ≻ α ≻ ω and A ≻ ω ≻ α, indicating that individual characteristics played a determinant role in hierarchy formation. Patterns of assembly depended on individual differences of the fish. The fact that the same dominance structures were reached through various patterns of assembly suggests that individual differences are more determinant than paths of resolution in Xiphophorus. |
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