Identification of Potential Markers for Cushing Disease |
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| Institution: | 1. From the Partnership for Health Analytic Research, Beverly Hills, California;2. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey.;1. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA;2. DCRI, Durham, NC;3. University of Michigan Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, MI;4. Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT;5. Cedars-Sinai Heart Inst, Los Angeles, CA;6. Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN;7. UT Southwestern University, Dallas, TX;8. Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA;1. From the Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey.;1. Hospital de Mendaro;2. Hospital Universitario Donostia;3. Osatek Donostia;4. Hospital de Mondragón;5. Hospital de Galdakao;6. Hospital de Cruces;7. Hospital del Bidasoa;1. Gastroenterology Service, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia, Spain;2. Gastroenterology Service, Mendaro Hospital, Mendaro, Spain;3. Clinical Epidemiology Unit, CASPe, CIBER-ESP, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia, Spain;4. Radiology Service, Osatek Donostia, Donostia, Spain;5. Immunology Service, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Objective: Cushing disease (CD) causes a wide variety of nonspecific symptoms, which may result in delayed diagnosis. It may be possible to uncover unusual combinations of otherwise common symptoms using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. Our aim was to identify and evaluate dyads of clinical symptoms or conditions associated with CD.Methods: We conducted a matched case-control study using a commercial healthcare insurance claims database designed to compare the relative risk (RR) of individual conditions and dyad combinations of conditions among patients with CD versus matched non-CD controls.Results: With expert endocrinologist input, we isolated 10 key conditions (localized adiposity, hirsutism, facial plethora, polycystic ovary syndrome, abnormal weight gain, hypokalemia, deep venous thrombosis, muscle weakness, female balding, osteoporosis) with RRs varying from 5.3 for osteoporosis to 61.0 for hirsutism (and infinite RR for localized adiposity). The RRs of dyads of these conditions ranged from 4.1 for psychiatric disorders/serious infections to 128.0 for hirsutism/fatigue in patients with versus without CD. Construction of uncommon dyads resulted in further increases in RRs beyond single condition analyses; for example, osteoporosis alone had an RR of 5.3, which increased to 8.3 with serious infections and to 52.0 with obesity.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that RR of any one of 10 key conditions selected by expert opinion was ≥5 times greater in CD compared to non-CD, and nearly all dyads had RR≥5. An uncommon dyad of osteoporosis and obesity had an RR of 52.0. If clinicians consider the diagnosis of CD when the highest-risk conditions are seen, identification of this rare disease may improve.Abbreviations:CD = Cushing diseaseCPT = Current Procedural TerminologyCS = Cushing syndromeEMR = electronic medical recordICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical ModificationID = identificationRR = relative risk |
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