Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evolution during decolorization of dyes by White Rot Fungi

White Rot Fungi (WRF) are able to decolorize dyes through the use of relatively non-specific extracellular oxidative enzymes. Nevertheless, decolorization does not imply that the resulting metabolites are less toxic than the parent molecules. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the detoxification potential of six strains (Pycnoporus sanguineus, Perenniporia tephropora, Perenniporia ochroleuca, Trametes versicolor, Coriolopsis polyzona and Clitocybula dusenii) during decolorization of dyes. Cytotoxicity assays were carried out on human Caco-2 cells, which are considered as a validated model for the human intestinal epithelium, and the results were compared with those obtained on classical bacterial cells. Genotoxic character was monitored through VITOTOX^® assays. The biotransformation of an anthraquinonic dye (CI Acid Blue 62, ABu62) was studied. All tested strains were able to decolorize extensively ABu62 (between 83 and 95% decolorization), however, different cytotoxicity reduction levels were reached (from 44 to 99%). Best results were achieved with P. sanguineus strain and the major role of laccases in cytotoxicity reduction was underlined. Based on this result, efficiency of P. sanguineus strain was further studied. Four azo and two anthraquinonic dyes were treated by this strain. After WRF treatment, two dyes were found to be more toxic in one or both toxicity assays. Genotoxic character appeared during biotransformation of one dye, however, it was removed by the addition of hepatic rat extract to mimic liver transformation. These results stress the importance of monitoring several parameters, such as colour, toxicity and mutagenicity, to ensure the efficiency of the bioremediation process.