Evolutionary patterns and genetic structure in localized and widespread species in the Stylidium caricifolium complex (Stylidiaceae)

The Stylidium caricifolium (Stylidiaceae) complex consists of seven currently recognized species and a taxon of putative hybrid origin endemic to southwest Western Australia. These taxa vary in geographical distribution from widespread, extending over a range of 500 km, to extremely localized, covering a range of only 0.5 km. Patterns of allozyme variation were investigated in 61 populations covering all taxa and two closely related species. Measures of genetic diversity were consistently lower and in some cases significantly lower in four rare and geographically restricted taxa compared with their widespread relatives. In contrast, genetic diversity in two other localized taxa was comparable or higher than in the widespread taxa. The level of divergence among populations was moderate to high, with a significant trend of higher F(ST) values for the widespread species to lower values for the geographically restricted and rare taxa. Phylogenetic relationships and levels of divergence indicate that most taxa are probably relictual rather than recently evolved. Geographical localization and rarity in this complex can be attributed to a range of factors associated with habitat specificity, historical and ecological processes that characterize the southwest region, and mode of origin.