Defining the ancestral karyotype of all primates by multidirectional chromosome painting between tree shrews, lemurs and humans |
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Authors: | S Müller R Stanyon P C M O’Brien M A Ferguson-Smith R Plesker J Wienberg |
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Institution: | Institut für Anthropologie und Humangenetik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit?t München, München Germany, DE Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 11-75, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA, US Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, GB Paul-Ehrlich Institut, Frankfurt, Germany, DE
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Abstract: | We used multidirectional chromosome painting with probes derived by bivariate fluorescence-activated flow sorting of chromosomes
from human, black lemur (Eulemur
macaco
macaco) and tree shrew (Tupaia
belangeri, order Scandentia) to better define the karyological relationship of tree shrews and primates. An assumed close relationship
between tree shrews and primates also assists in the reconstruction of the ancestral primate karyotype taking the tree shrew
as an ”outgroup” species. The results indicate that T.
belangeri has a highly derived karyotype. Tandem fusions or fissions of chromosomal segments seem to be the predominant mechanism in
the evolution of this tree shrew karyotype. The 22 human autosomal painting probes delineated 40 different segments, which
is in the range found in most mammals analyzed by chromosome painting up to now. There were no reciprocal translocations that
would distinguish the karyotype of the tree shrew from an assumed primitive primate karyotype. This karyotype would have included
the chromosomal forms 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3/21, 4–11, 12a/22a, 12b/22b, 13, 14/15, 16a, 16b, 17, 18, 19a, 19b, 20 and X and Y
and had a diploid chromosome number of 2n=50. Of these forms, chromosomes 1a, 1b, 4, 8, 12a/22a, and 12b/22bmay be common derived characters that would link the tree
shrew with primates. To define the exact phylogenetic relationships of the tree shrews and the genomic rearrangements that
gave rise to the primates and eventually to humans further chromosome painting in Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Dermoptera and Chiroptera
is needed, but many of the landmarks of genomic evolution are now known.
Received: 11 February 1999; in revised form: 17 June 1999 / Accepted: 20 July 1999 |
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