Re-analysis of the 18S rRNA gene phylogeny of the ciliate class Colpodea |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina B-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic;2. Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;1. Soil Cryology Laboratory, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science RAS, Institutskaya, 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Qld, Australia;1. Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;2. Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China;3. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea;4. Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise 83725, USA;5. Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;1. The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;2. University of Innsbruck, Research Institute for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria;3. Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;4. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;5. Consulting Engineering Office for Ecology, Radetzkystrasse 10, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;1. Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;2. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;3. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;4. Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China;5. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China;6. College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;7. Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China;8. Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;9. Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;10. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;11. Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China;1. Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, China;2. Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi Xilu 127, 710072, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China |
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| Abstract: | We critically re-analyzed the 18S rRNA gene phylogeny of the ciliate class Colpodea where four main lineages have been recognized: (1) Bursariomorphida including bryometopids, (2) Platyophryida including sorogenids, (3) Cyrtolophosidida, and (4) Colpodida including bryophryids and grossglockneriids. The Platyophryida branched off first and the Cyrtolophosidida and Colpodida were classified as sister groups. On basis of multiple statistical tests, we unraveled three problematic issues in colpodean phylogenies: the positions of the Bursariomorphida and Platyophryida are unstable and depend on alignment masking; a sister relationship of the Platyophryida and Cyrtolophosidida cannot be excluded by any statistical tree topology test; and clustering of bryophryids and grossglockneriids outside the Colpodida are also statistically valid possibilities. Natural classification of the highly diverse order Colpodida remains puzzling, possibly due to the lack of a phylogenetic signal and morphostasis of the oral ciliature in several Colpoda-like lineages. According to the “Ur-Colpoda” hypothesis, Colpoda represents the stem lineage from which both Colpoda-like and morphologically more derived taxa might have branched off. This evolutionary concept preserves not only information on morphology, ecology, and evolutionary processes of colpodid ciliates, but also aids practicability because the connection to the traditional literature is optimally maintained. |
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| Keywords: | Ciliophora Evolutionary taxonomy Morphological evolution Morphostasis Oral ciliature Paraphyly |
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