Formulation and Optimization of Zidovudine Niosomes

Zidovudine (AZT) is commonly used to treat patients with AIDS, but it is limited by toxicity and high dosing needs. Alternative formulations have been proposed to overcome these drawbacks. The objective of this study was to evaluate process-related variables like hydration and sonication time, rotation speed of evaporation flask, and the effects of charge-inducing agent and centrifugation on zidovudine entrapment and release from niosomes. Formulation of zidovudine niosomes was optimized by altering the proportions of Tween, Span and cholesterol. The effect of process–related variables like hydration time, sonication time, charge-inducing agent, centrifugation and rotational speed of evaporation flask on zidovudine entrapment and release from niosomes was evaluated. The effect of changes in osmotic shock and viscosity were also evaluated. Non-sonicated niosomes were in the size range of 2-3.5 μm and sonicated niosomes formulated with Tween 80 and dicetylphosphate (DCP) had a mean diameter of 801 nm. Zidovudine niosomes formulated with Tween 80 entrapped high amounts of drug and the addition of DCP enhanced drug release for a longer time (88.72% over 12 h). The mechanism of release from Tween 80 formulation was the Fickian type and obeyed first-order release kinetics. Niosomes can be formulated by proper adjustment of process parameters to enhance zidovudine entrapment and sustainability of release. These improvements in zidovudine formulation may be useful in developing a more effective AIDS therapy.