TGF-alpha regulates TLR expression and function on epidermal keratinocytes |
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| Authors: | Miller Lloyd S Sørensen Ole E Liu Philip T Jalian H Ray Eshtiaghpour Deborah Behmanesh Behnaz E Chung Woosin Starner Timothy D Kim Jenny Sieling Peter A Ganz Tomas Modlin Robert L |
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| Institution: | Division of Dermatology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. |
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| Abstract: | The expression of TLRs on epithelial cells provides a first line of defense against invading pathogens. We investigated the regulated expression and function of TLR5 and TLR9 on human keratinocytes, because we found by immunohistochemistry that these TLRs are expressed in distinct layers of the epidermis. We found that TGF-alpha, a growth and differentiation factor that is present during wound healing and in psoriasis, increased the expression of both TLR5 and TLR9 on keratinocytes. In addition, TGF-alpha regulated the function of TLR5 and TLR9, because activation with their respective ligands enhanced the production of IL-8 and human beta-defensins. These findings provide evidence that TGF-alpha up-regulates TLR expression and function, augmenting host defense mechanisms at epithelial surfaces. |
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