A 200-ka pollen and oxygen-isotopic record from two sediment cores from the eastern Arabian Sea

We present here a pollen record from the northern Indian Ocean that goes back to 200 ka, the boundary between marine isotopic stages (MIS) 7 and 6. Pollen, oxygen-isotopic composition and organic carbon have been examined for two sediment cores from the eastern Arabian Sea (15°02′N and 71°41′E, 13°16′N and 71°00′E), to reconstruct the long-term palaeoclimate and palaeovegetation of the Indian subcontinent. Oxygen-isotope data suggest that glacial periods (MIS 2, 4 and 6) are characterised by low precipitation because of a weak southwest monsoon and a strong northeast monsoon. In contrast, interglacial periods (MIS 1, 3 and 5) are marked by high fresh water input resulting from a strong southwest monsoon. During the last glacial-interglacial cycle, sea-surface temperature and surface salinity changed as a result of variations in the evaporation-precipitation (E-P) balance. Throughout the core, the dominant pollen types are Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae and/or Amaranthaceae (>50%). Their dominance during glacial periods (MIS 2, 4 and 6) suggests that the climate was cold and dry. This dominance is also suggestive of salinity-tolerant vegetation colonizing large areas near seashore due to lower sea level or high E-P conditions. During interglacial periods (MIS 1, 3 and 5) when there was high precipitation, the arid taxa were sparse, whereas Poaceae and Piperaceae were abundant. Hence, Chenopodiaceae and/or Amaranthaceae and Artemisia are suggestive of cold and arid/semi-arid climate, and Poaceae and Piperaceae of warm and wet conditions. Mangrove pollen is not well represented in the cores.