d-Propranolol protects against oxidative stress and progressive cardiac dysfunction in iron overloaded rats

d-Propranolol (d-Pro: 2-8?mg·(kg body mass)(-1)·day(-1)) protected against cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress during 3-5?weeks of iron overload (2?mg Fe-dextran·(g body mass)(-1)·week(-1)) in Sprague-Dawley rats. At 3?weeks, hearts were perfused in working mode to obtain baseline function; red blood cell glutathione, plasma 8-isoprostane, neutrophil basal superoxide production, lysosomal-derived plasma N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase (NAGA) activity, ventricular iron content, and cardiac iron deposition were assessed. Hearts from the Fe-treated group of rats exhibited lower cardiac work (26%) and output (CO, 24%); end-diastolic pressure rose 1.8-fold. Further, glutathione levels increased 2-fold, isoprostane levels increased 2.5-fold, neutrophil superoxide increased 3-fold, NAGA increased 4-fold, ventricular Fe increased 4.9-fold; and substantial atrial and ventricular Fe-deposition occurred. d-Pro (8?mg) restored heart function to the control levels, protected against oxidative stress, and decreased cardiac Fe levels. After 5?weeks of Fe treatment, echocardiography revealed that the following were depressed: percent fractional shortening (%FS, 31% lower); left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF, 17%), CO (25%); and aortic pressure maximum (P(max), 24%). Mitral valve E/A declined by 18%, indicating diastolic dysfunction. Cardiac CD11b+ infiltrates were elevated. Low d-Pro (2?mg) provided modest protection, whereas 4-8?mg greatly improved LVEF (54%-75%), %FS (51%-81%), CO (43%-78%), P(max) (56%-100%), and E/A?>100%; 8?mg decreased cardiac inflammation. Since d-Pro is an antioxidant and reduces cardiac Fe uptake as well as inflammation, these properties may preserve cardiac function during Fe overload.