Teratogenesis and mutagenesis associated with the exposure of human males to lead: a review

Major sectors of the lead-related industries have traditionally supported the view that the exposure of human males and females to lead is associated with significantly different reproductive-related risks. This review examines selected data pertaining to teratogenesis and mutagenesis associated with the exposure of human males to lead. The existing body of epidemiologic data examining reproductive-related effects associated with lead exposure of human males is relatively sparse and incomplete. Data findings are also conflicting. On the basis of selected available data, however, the exposure of human males to lead may be associated with significant reproductive-related harms. Too little attention has been directed by the scientific community toward possible reproductive-related effects of lead exposure on human males. There is a strong need for further good studies.