Water quality performance of treatment wetlands in the Imperial Valley,California |
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| Authors: | Robert H. Kadlec Sujoy B. Roy Ronald K. Munson Stephen Charlton William Brownlie |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Wetland Management Services, 6995 Westbourne Drive, Chelsea, MI 48118, USA;2. Tetra Tech, Inc., 3746 Mt. Diablo Blvd., Suite 300, Lafayette, CA 94549, USA;3. Tetra Tech, Inc., 101 Westminster Drive, Mars, PA 16046, USA;4. Imperial Irrigation District, 333 E. Barioni Blvd., Imperial, CA 92251, USA;5. Tetra Tech, Inc., 3475 East Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA;1. Epuvaleau, npo, ULG, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Soil Water System Department, Passage des déportés, 2 B 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;2. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany;1. Icube, UMR 7357, ENGEES/CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000 Strasbourg, France;2. Irstea, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France;1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany;2. Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany;3. Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany;4. Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, FVST Chair Environmental Technology, Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia;2. School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China;3. Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory. (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Two demonstration treatment wetland systems were studied for over four years. Both consisted of sedimentation basins, followed by wetland cells. The Imperial, CA system had four wetland cells totaling 4.7 ha, 25% vegetated with bulrushes (Schoenoplectus californicus), and the Brawley, CA system had two wetland cells totaling 1.8 ha, also 25% vegetated with bulrushes. Imperial received irrigation runoff water at 30 cm/day, and Brawley received New River water at 11 cm/day, both with moderately high levels of nutrients, sediments and pathogens. The systems seeped 40–60% of the incoming water. The hydraulic efficiencies of the systems were high because of compartmentalization and high aspect ratios. Concentration reductions of TN, TP and TSS were 50%, 39%, and 97% at Imperial, and 73%, 50% and 96% at Brawley. Imperial achieved about 1.5 log10 reductions in total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, while Brawley achieved about 2.7 log10 reductions. The sedimentation basins settled most of the incoming TSS, as well as the algal solids that were generated in the basins. Algal uptake removed nutrients in the basins, which were supersaturated with oxygen. The wetlands were effective in denitrification, and trapped the remaining and generated TSS. Removal rate constants, corrected for infiltration, were at the high end of those reported for other wetlands. |
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